第二部分 项目管理标准

－Section II： The Standard for Project Management of a Project

CH3.    单个项目的管理过程

－Project Management Processes for a Project

Ø         项目经理任何时候都应与项目团队一起共同负责，确定哪些过程适合于具体的项目，以及各个过程适合于该项目的严格程度

The project manager, in collaboration with the project team, is always responsible for determining what processes are appropriate, and the appropriate degree of rigor for each process, for any given project

Ø         过程就是一组为了完成一系列事先指定的产品、成果或服务而需执行的互相联系的行动和活动

A process is a set of interrelated actions and activities that are performed to achieve a pre-specified set of products, results, or services.

Ø         过程一般分两类 generally fall into one of two major categories

n         项目管理过程 The project management processes

n         产品导向的过程 Product-oriented processes

3.1    项目管理的诸过程

－Project Management Processes

Ø        戴明环（PDCA环） Deming cycle(PDCA cycle)

Ø        项目管理过程的用途

Whereas the project life cycle describes what you need to do the work, the project management process describes what you need to manage the project.

Ø        项目管理过程组与戴明环的关系

Project Management Process Groups Mapped to the Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle

3.2    项目管理过程组

－Project management Process Groups

5大过程组 The five Process Groups

Ø        启动过程组：确定并核准项目或项目阶段

Initiating Process Group. Defines and authorizes the project or a project phase

Ø        规划过程组：确定和细化目标，并为实现项目而要达到的目标和完成项目要解决的问题的范围而规划必要的行动路线

Planning Process Group. Defines and refines objectives, and plans the course of action required to attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address.

Ø        执行过程组：将人与其他资源结合为整体实施项目管理计划

Executing Process Group. Integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the project

Ø        监控过程组：定期测量并监视项目进展情况，发现偏离项目管理计划之处，以便在必要时采取纠正措施来实现项目的目标

Monitoring and Controlling Process Group. Regularly measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary to meet project objectives.

Ø        收尾过程组：正式验收产品、服务或成果，并有条不紊地结束项目或阶段

Closing Process Group. Formalizes acceptance of the product, service or result and brings the project or a project phase to an orderly end.

3.2.1   启动过程组

－Initiating Process Group

Ø        启动过程组由一组有助于正式授权开始一个新项目或一个项目阶段地过程组成

The Initiating Process Group consists of the processes that facilitate the formal authorization to start a new project or a project phase.

Ø        启动过程一般由超出项目控制范围之外地组织、项目集或项目组合过程完成

Initiating processes are often done external to the project’s scope of control by the organization or by program or portfolio processes

Ø        启动过程中，应进一步细化最初对于项目范围和组织愿意投入的资源所做的说明。应选择一位项目经理。最初的假设与制约因素要拟成文件。这些信息包括在项目章程中。

The initial scope description and the resources that the organization is willing to invest are further refined during the initiation process. the project manager will be selected. Initial assumptions and constraints will also be documented. This information is captured in the Project Charter

Ø        项目章程一旦获得批准，项目也就得到了正式的授权。

When Project Charter is approved, the project becomes officially authorized.

Ø        对于多阶段的项目，在每一阶段开始时对启动过程进行审查；此时要核对进入下阶段的要求标准，然后决定项目是否继续或推迟或中断，随后在各阶段进一步审核和细化本阶段的项目范围。

Reviewing the initiating processes at the start of each phase for multi-phases project; The entry criteria are verified. A decision is then made whether or not the project is ready to continue or whether the project should be delayed or discontinued. During subsequent project phases, further validation and development of the project scope for that phase is performed.

Ø        让顾客和其他利害关系者参与启动过程，有助于提高认同感，对项目成功至关重要。

Involving the customers and other stakeholders during initiation generally improves the probability of shared ownership, deliverable acceptance, and customer and other stakeholder satisfaction, which is critical to project success

Ø        启动过程组包括如下项目管理过程

The Initiating Process Group includes the following project management processes:

1)        制定项目章程Develop Project Charter

2)        制定项目初步范围说明书Develop Preliminary Project Scope Statement

3.2.2   规划过程组

－Planning Process Group

Ø        使项目管理计划逐步详细和深入的方法常常叫做“滚动式规划”，表明规划是重复多次的连续过程

This progressive detailing of the project management plan is often called “rolling wave planning,” indicating that planning is an iterative and ongoing process

Ø        在项目规划过程中，项目团队应根据对项目和项目结果的影响大小，邀请所有有关的利害关系者参与

While planning the project, the project team should involve all appropriate stakeholders, depending upon their influence on the project and its outcomes