1st chapter IT hardware

      develops 1.1 CPU

      development 1.1.1 CPU

      functions index (make

      Cheng , frame , basic

      frequency , high speed

      slow exist , FSB etc.)

      -- make Cheng (making

Cheng: Refer to the CPU two inside

transistors room distance)-- frame

(frame: Point to CPU inside highway

structure) CPU's other index:

--, basic frequency 1.2 caches

(two stage slow exist)-- FSB

(fore-end highway frequency)

reach 1333 MHZ be taller than

most

Three my manufacturer of 1.1.2 CPU

       (INTEL , AMD , VIA)

       Intel company Intel is the elder brother who produces

       CPU's-- , it occupies 80% many market share , CPU that Intel produces

        has been accomplished in fact x86CPU technical code and standard. Up

        to the minute cool is farsighted 2 becomes the CPU selections.

       CPU that Advanced Micro Devices uses at present product having several

        companies--, except Intel company , the most forceful challenge accommodating oneself

        to is Advanced Micro Devices , the up to the minute Athlon64ｘ２ and lightning dragon

        have the very good price ratio, have adopt 3 DNOW + technologies especially, behaviour

         making the person very good having on 3 D.

-- VIA

         Chinese VIA

         VIA VIA has been one Taiwan host stiff chip group firm , has bought former Cyrix stating and the IDT cpu branch , has debuted self CPU, the function can be compared with the Intel economy type CPU , the power dissipation moves downwards only when 1 W , doubleness in Intel and AMD oppress difficult exist.

1.1.3 65 nm , 45 nm

        functions

       comparison

       65 nm-> 45 nm-> 32 nm (intel company every 2 years promotion

        once makes Cheng) 45 nm electricities lower , calorific capacity is 90

       nm-> lower than, the overclocking function is higher , 45 nm starting

       point frequency is higher , also compete with each other in 65 nm's under

       equal frequency on the function slightly better.

1.1.4 CPU develop Intel further already having debuted successfully being able to imitate 45 higher

 nanometer replacing 2 farsighted brutal processors newly once , the quickest product Intel Ling

moves and the (Atom) processor in power dissipation CPU having developed out integrated the whole

world head money 2 billion transistors CPU code name for four core safety of Tukwila vacates the

processor and the whole world under 3 watts. And strategy , Intel will debut 32 nanometer and 22

nanometer of manufacturing engineering that possibility adopt to renew the transistor technology on

 in 2009 and in 2011 according to Tick-Tock, possibility making CPU coming managing material in the

 nanometer studying more distant leading-in carbon with the future, these new handicraft , new

materials hopeful to bring stronger transistor integration level to stronger transistor integration

 level future CPU of Intel and to be able to imitate advantage , make them not bad more integrated

cores, realize higher function , cut down and a load to the full.

1.2 hosts stiff

      develop

     The host

       stiff is the most

       important component

       1.2.1 hosts stiff

       functions index besides

        getting rid of CPU in

       the computer

       -- host stiff function index: Host

       stiff chip group (host stiff chip group: Host stiff

       chip components such as core index) , FSB being a

       host stiff function: -- Shan chip: But the north and

       south bridge is combined, and is improve speed cost

       reduction, chip two than heat: That being that the

       south bridge chip, is close by CPU is that the north

       bridge chip is distant is Nan Qiao chip FSB: FSB of

       host stiff must compose in reply the CPU coinciding ,

        FSB is the higher , the better general host stiff

       function but ought to coincide with CPU

1.2.2 hosts stiff

        support to the

       video card

       Host stiff support to the video card:

       Whether supporting the Clear video to whether supporting

        PX10 ,supporting MPEG2 and VC or not 1 form artwork.

       Whether supporting flat TV 1.2.3 hosts stiff current

       supply capacitance or not

       Module supplying electricity: Be a stable basis of host stiff function , use the electrolysis electricity in the first place

1.2.4 hosts stiff have developed further except the north and south bridge structure being applied or used universally most , more high-grade acceleration of chip group forward direction collection line frame has developed at present , 8 xx series chip group of Intel has been this kind of chip group representative , it has inserted a few subsystems into the host chip if the IDE interface , acoustic effect , MODEM and USB are direct , have been able to provide one times wider than PCI highway bandwidth , have reached 266 MB/s; Besides, the silicon commands science and technology SiS635/SiS735 being also this kind of chip group new army. Except supporting up to the minute DDR266, the specification outsides such as DDR200 and PC133 SDRAM, fast AGP of support quattuor has demonstrated the card interface and the Fast Write function , IDE ATA33/66/100, and the inner have built 3 D body acoustic effects , high speed data transmission function has contained 56 K data communication (Modem) , high speed aether networks transmission (Fast Ethernet) , 1 M/10M family networks (Home PNA) etc.

1.3 memory

1.3.1

      memory functions

      index (pellet ,

      frequency ,

      capacities etc.)

      --, memory makes a pellet: Memory frequency

deciding the memory type being DDR2 , DDR3 , DDR4 etc.: Under

identical memory type, memory frequency may decide memory

function (frequency is increasingly high , the function is

increasingly good)-- memory capacities right away: Capacities

unable simple memory understanding is the bigger , the better

1.3.2 memory develops further

Be called DDR for short , that is , "double rate of DDR times DDR SDRAM (Dual Date Rate SDRAM)

SDRAM "meaning of. DDR so to speak is the SDRAM promotion edition , DDR data transmission speed

rising along transferring a data , this feasible DDR with coming down along every in clock signal

is double times of tradition SDRAM. Since only many adopt come down the predestined relationship

signal, therefore is not able to bring about energy consumption increasing by. SDRAM is then

identical with tradition as for addressing and the pilot signal , rise only in the clock the

predestined relationship transfers.

DDR memory is to be one plant in between the function and cost the compromise solving scheme, whose purpose is prompt build up solid marketplace space, later step-by-step deficiency going ahead in the bandwidth making up memory advance triumphantly , ultimate on frequency. The first generation DDR200 norm is not popularized , second generation PC266 DDR SRAM (2 times 133 MHz clocks X data transmission = 266 MHz bandwidth) is that are what memory derives from out from PC133 SDRAM, It brings DDR memory along to the first climax , still have many Celeron and AMD K7 processor memory all in adopt DDR266 specification at present, whose DDR333 in the afterwards memory also belongs to a kind of excessively, but DDR400 memory become at present main current platform selective breeding, binary channels DDR400 memory already becomes the fundamental standard that 800 FSB processors arrange in groups , the DDR533 norm following becomes the choice of overclocking consumer marriage partner then.

The times improves DDR2 unceasingly with CPU function , demand of us to memory function escalates

also step by step. Be not allowed to deny that fastening DDR leaning on high frequency lifting

bandwidth may be unable to do as well as one would wish sooner or later ,JEDEC organizes the

standard beginning to brew DDR2 very for a long time therefore , add 915/925 the support that 945th

 rank of Xin Ping starts to DDR2 memory as well as up to the minute of LGA775 interface, therefore

DDR2 memory will start the historical novel memory field's today.

DDR2 is able to provide every pin 400 the fewest MB/s bandwidth on 100 MHz posting a letter frequency basis , whose interface will work to reduce calorific capacity on 1.8 V voltage , thereby further, to improve frequency and. Besides, DDR2 will melt to enter new functions index such as CAS , OCD , ODT and to break off instruction, bandwidth utilization ratio hoisting memory. Judging from the DDR2 standard that the JEDEC organizer sets forth, specifically for PC waits for the marketplace DDR2 memory to will own 400 , 533 , 667 MHz Deng Bu Tong  clock frequency. High-end DDR2 memory will own 800 , 1000 MHz two species frequency. DDR-II memory will adopt 200- , 220- , 240- stitch FBGA to package a form. Initial DDR2 memory will adopt 0.13 micron of productive technology , memory pellet voltage is 1.8 V , capacities density is 512 MB. DDR2 is able to provide every pin 400 the fewest MB/s bandwidth on 100 MHz posting a letter frequency basis , whose interface will work to reduce calorific capacity on 1.8 V voltage , thereby further, to improve frequency and. Besides, DDR2 will melt to enter new functions index such as CAS , OCD , ODT and to break off instruction, bandwidth utilization ratio hoisting memory. Judging from the DDR2 standard that the JEDEC organizer sets forth, specifically for PC waits for the marketplace DDR2 memory to will own 400 , 533 , 667 MHz Deng Bu Tong  clock frequency. High-end DDR2 memory will own 800 , 1000 MHz two species frequency. DDR-II memory will adopt 200- , 220- , 240- stitch FBGA to package a form. Initial DDR2 memory will adopt 0.13 micron of productive technology , memory pellet voltage is 1.8 V , capacities density is 512 MB.

The memory technology will will be without any suspense on 2005 , SDRAM is that the inner there existing 5 years in the static state inner representing can not popularize. QBM and RDRAM memory also are difficult to redeem a declining tendency , DDR and DDR2 coexistence times will be ironclad fact therefore. The PC-100 "successor" except PC VCM (VirXual Channel Memory) is also one very important member outside 133. VCM is "to suppose passage memory " , this is also one kind of memory standard that great majority newer chips group support at present , VCM memory is accomplished because the development NEC company one kind of "slow exist style DRAM " technology makes mainly in the light of , its integrated "passage slow exist ", carries out allocation and controls from the high-speed register. While realizing high speed data transmission, VCM is maintaining the altitude compatibility to tradition SDRAM, therefore memory generally also calls VCM VCM SDRAM. But data disregarding whether handling process CPU VCM and the SDRAM difference lie in, may deliver the treatment being in progress in VCM first, average SDRAM can only sell the data by that CPU handles a hereafter at reduced prices right away, therefore VCM should be 20% faster than SDRAM treatment data speed the above. Many, include the chip group being able to support VCM SDRAM at present: 815 E , 694 X of VIA etc. of Intel.

Intel is in 3 RDRAM debut: The PC-100 queen , the development because of the technology, 800 MB／s

bandwidth of PC-100 memory already can not satisfy need, but the PC-133 bandwidth improves not big

(1064 MB／s), same can not be satisfied with in the future develop need. Intel the marketplace

uniting with Rambus company in PC extends Rambus DRAM for achieving monopolize the market

marketplace purpose, if pursuing what 4-3 shows (DirectRambus DRAM).

Rambus DRAM is: One kind of memory specification that the Rambus company brings forward most long ago, has adopt the simple memory of new generation high speed frame, owing to one kind of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing, Reduced Instruction Set Computer) theory , the complexity being able to cut down a data thereby, will do entire system function gets rise. Rambus uses 16 bit highway of 400 MHz , can transfer a data while rising following and coming down following within a clock period,such its reality speed is 400 MHz X right away 2 = 800 MHz, theory bandwidth is (16 bits X 2 X 400 MHz／8) 1.6 GB／s, are equal to double times of PC-100. Besides, Rambus also can store up 9 bit bytes , be to belong to the reservation bit extraly one bit , may be able to accomplish hereafter: ECC (ErroI & # 8226; Checking and Correction , the mistake are examined amending) the checking place. The Rambus clock can be up to 400 MHz , have used 30 copper wire to link the memory controller and RIMM (Rambus In-line MemoryModules and only, the Rambus inner embeds the dyadic memory module) , the length and quantity cutting down copper wire can reduce electromagnetism disturbance in data transmission right away, working band raising memory thereby rapidly. However high frequency lower, the quantity of heat that the person sends out affirms that the meeting increases by , the first Rambus memory requires that self has a radiator fan therefore even.

DDR3 times DDR3 starts to be compared with each other DDR2 having higher operating voltage , V ,

the function are province from 1.8 V build-down of DDR2 to 1.5 better more; 4 bit in advance read

of DDR2 escalates for 8 bit in advance read. DDR3 can at present be taller than most 1600 Mhz

speed, takes off since first batch of DDR3 memory model group will may comply with 1333 Mhz's at

present be already speedy DDR2 memory speed advanced to 800 Mhz/1066Mhz speed most, as a result. In

 big exhibitions of Computex, we see many memory firms put 1333 Mhz DDR3 model group on display.

One, DDR3 new model adopting on the basis in DDR2 designs that: In advance

 choose designs 1.8 bits , DDR2 is 4 bit in advance choose but , such DRAM

 core frequency only has interface frequency 1/8 , the DDR3-800 core

working band only has 100 MHz. 2 adopt the point to that point Tuo Piao

frame, to lighten address/ order and under the control of highway burden.

3 adopt 100 following nm productive technologies , V falls to 1.5 V with

the operating voltage from 1.8, function resetting (Reset) and ZQ

increasing asynchronization are adjusted.

1.4 video cards 1.4.1 video cards

functions index (GPU , type , capacities ,

 place broad etc.) GPU are artwork

treatment equipment, function having PC

CPU similarity, Rangxianka has higher

working band (artwork mass goodness and

badness to depends on the floating decimal

 arithmetic ability)-- is obvious storing

capacities: Capacities are the bigger ,

the better , need to think that nature

price stores the place broad than--

obvious but: Have the bigger , the easier

to only need to consider nature function

price of 64 , 128 256 , of width to store

a type than-- obvious: Be important video

card function index-- GDDR2: Now is GDDR3

eliminating the marriage partner: Most

high frequency reach 2 GHZ-- GDDR4: Most

high frequency reach 2.2 GHZ

1.4.2　CPU and memory very similar to competing for GPU and displaying the relation existing of 1.4.2 GPU and CPU, also existence fore-end highway concept, is GPU and displays the passage between existing. Disregarding being (game , video frequency etc. from any angles that we apply including that OS, 3 D apply),that the PC optesthesia application will become main current, and this is a inevitable trend. These all optesthesia applies , depends on your video card. Among them, GPU is the "heart" demonstrating a card's. GPU English full name Graphic Processing Unit, Chinese translates "artwork processor " into. GPU is relative to a concept of CPU, since in modern (especially household computer middle system, the game fancier) artwork treatment become grow in importance , need a special artwork core processor. GPU has decided to owe video card grade and major part a function, difference basis being also that 2 D demonstrate cards and 3 D demonstrating a card at the same time. Treatment ability being dependent on CPU mainly time the image and special efficiency in D handling 3 demonstrating a chip, is called 2 D "soft accelerate ".The function demonstrating a chip being that the Sanwei image and special efficiency is handled concentrates 3 D on to demonstrating a chip inner , also is a so-called "hardware acceleration " function. Demonstrating a chip is display generally having got stuck the maximal chip (be also the most stretching a foot). Now the upper video card of marketplace adopt NVIDIA and the ATI artwork treatment of two companies chip mostly. When the consumer is in DIY carrying out PC prior to, CPU is first consider a key element. But at present condition be, in the function aspect gains more and more promotion CPU be small hoisting a complete machine , CPU already is not the key restricting the PC function; The consumer is put into use to game , Gao Qing  video frequency GPU (artwork processor) request more and more be good, consumer more and more shows solicitude for video card allocation in getting stuck in the complete machine. The relevance data is indicated , is compared with each other integrated video card, independent video card increase speed behaviour is obvious. GPU and all CPU feeling of gratitude or enmity, are 3 D who started all the trouble in fact. Living son who speeds up being that CPU has done GPU if 3 D of that very year is soft, that physics speeds up the job it is GPU to have grabbed CPU appearing on card's. GPU can carry out the various arithmetic effectively , simulate from linearity algebraic sum signal treatment to numerical value. That the evolution visiting GPU calculating functional also feasible convenient GPU will continue drawing an engine down , not only accomplishing, is to may become the PC main part calculating an engine as for history in the past but , CPU evidently has no way to substitute GPU , there is expert thinking that transistor quantity function having CPU more for ample GPU may annex one day, Liu Xing Liang  thinks that possibility is neither big. Only some day with the future, GPU may possibly replace CPU, core driving force becoming leading factor PC future.

1.4.3 video cards develop the previously for 7 years further , 3 once all-powerful DFX conquer

industry with Voodoo2 pair of video cards technology; For 5 years previously, 3 DFX of trend

sinking uses VSA100 gradually detonate pair of chips tidal current once again; Sky that the ATI

Rage FuryMax dodges with pair of chip technologies for 4 years previously, besides we know nVIDIA;

XGI being born out of SiS for 2 years previously, attempts two core once again with Volari Duo V8

Ultra, ... Have still been that effort and attention failing , engaging in boundary to pair of chip

 technologies do not stop all the time disregarding success. The video card development speed has

exceeded even already CPU.

Conjecture one: Zero Frame Buffer technology. Zero Frame Buffer will be that one new Daixiancun in

its real meaning shares a technology , it does not require that board appears existing with any ,

such cost will be more easy under the control of. Besides, Zero Frame Buffer can't will

extraordinary to the function effect small, realness being able to achieve being on a par with

frequency what even is obvious have stored , have affected only a bit because of system memory

frequency is a bit low a function.

Conjecture two: Not only Multi-Board Acceleration technology product room competition being a

function, control the same block of wood of cost but ignore. Pair of video cards necessity

brings about extremely high cost , value now lies in the consumer who attracts super-high end

and the promotion the days to come consumer , self core must be enough for the therefore obvious

 card excellent.

1.5 Xian Shi Qi Xian Shi Qi  have entered

the liquid crystal display times display

technology index long ago: According to

whose be allotted a lot of type ,

comparatively common operating principle

being, the C-R tube display (CRT) , LCD

display (LCD) , plasma display (PDP) and

vacuum fluorescence display (VFD) wait for

the resolution ratio form and dimension

1.5.1 types displays.

According to whose be allotted a lot of type , comparatively common operating principle being, the C-R tube display (CRT) , LCD display (LCD) , plasma display (PDP) and vacuum fluorescence display (VFD) wait for a display.

1.5.2 display functions index (resolution ratio , color place etc.) displays are composed of

monitors (Monitor) and 2 parts demonstrating suitable orchestrate (popular name video card

Adapter). The display kind has many, if C-R tube (Cathode Ray Tube, CRT) , LCD display (Liquid

 Crystal Display , LCD) , plasm display implement (DDP) , field launch the display (PED)

etc.But, have most, pragmatic and commercializing is CRT and LCD.

Main 1) CRT display

function index: A.

Resolution ratio; B.

 Scan frequency; C.

Bandwidth; D. TCO

attestation. 2) main

 LCD display

functions index: A.

REST; B. May look at

 an angle; C. Dot

pitch; D. Resolution

 ratio; E. Refresh

rate; F. Brightness;

 G. Contrast ratio.

The main childbirth merchant inside by increasing fluorescent tube quantity and optimizing the

display screen designs the brightness coming to raise LCD display. CRT display brightness is

increasingly high , its radiation is right away increasingly big, the LCD display brightness gains

but coming being to pass the back that fluorescence is in charge of up , affect therefore the

nothingness is negative to the human body. 3) demonstrates a card: Weigh the artwork suitable

orchestrate. The personal computer adopt PCI to demonstrate the card and AGP demonstrating a card

at present , D accelerates a function in general all with 3

1.5.3 display

    dimensions

The display dimension is to point to the liquid crystal face ply diagonal line dimension , having with inch of units (2.54 1 inch = of cms) , main current now waits 15 inches , 17 inches , 19 inches , 20 inches , 21 inches , 22 inches , 24 inches , 32 inches.

1.6 1.6.1 hard disk hard disks technologies index (interface

type , capacities , speed etc.)-- hard disk interface

technology: The tradition hard disk adopt the IDE interface

technology , the hard disk adopt the SATA interface

technology to use capacities bigger quicker-- speed

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